نقل قول Reported speech
هنگاميکه ميخواهيم گفتههاي شخص ديگري را نقل کنيم، ميتوانيم از دو حالت مختلف استفاده کنيم:
1- ميتوانيم گفتههاي شخص مورد نظر را عيناً (واو به واو) تکرار کنيم (نقل قول مستقيم):
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She said, 'It is raining.'
و يا ميتوانيم از نقل قول غير مستقيم استفاده کنيم:
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She said that it was raining.
در مثال زير به تغييرات ايجاد شده خوب دقت کنيد:
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جدول تغييرات از نقل قول مستقيم به غيرمستقيم
در نقل قول غيرمستقيم، فعل اصلي جمله معمولاً زمان گذشته است و نيز افعال موجود در بقيه جمله هم بايد به زمان گذشته تبديل شوند. اين تغييرات به شرح زيرند:
مثال |
غير مستقيم |
→ مستقيم |
'I love you,' he said. → He told her that he loved her. |
گذشته ساده |
حال ساده → |
'I'm talking on the phone,' she said. → She said that she was talking on the phone. |
گذشته استمراري | حال استمراري → |
He said, 'The rain has stopped'. → He said that the rain had stopped. |
گذشته کامل | حال کامل → |
He said, 'I've been reading for 3 hours.' → He said that he had been reading for 3 hours. |
گذشته کامل استمراري | حال کامل استمراري → |
He said, 'I met him in the theatre.' → He said he had met him in the theatre. |
گذشته کامل | گذشته ساده → |
'I was driving carefully,' he told the police. → He told the police he had been driving carefully. |
گذشته کامل استمراري | گذشته استمراري → |
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افعال کمکي وجهي در نقل قول غيرمستقيم
در نقل قول غيرمستقيم افعال کمکي وجهي may ،can ،will و shall به might، could، would و should تبديل ميشوند. يعني:
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تبديل ميشود به → |
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مثال:
-
'I will sell my car,' he told me.
He told me that he would sell his car. -
'I can help you,' he said.
He said he could help me. -
'The teacher may be ill,' he said.
He said that the teacher might be ill.
ولي افعال كمكي used to، ought to و must در جملات نقل قول غيرمستقيم تغييري نميکنند:
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I told her that I used to smoke twenty a day.
تغييرات لازم ديگر در نقل قول غيرمستقيم
در نقل قول غيرمستقيم علاوه بر تغييراتي که در افعال صورت ميگيرد، در بعضي ديگر از اقسام کلمه، از جمله قيدها نيز تغييراتي ايجاد ميشود که در جدول زير بعضي از آنها را ميبينيد:
غيرمستقيم |
مستقيم→ |
that |
this |
those |
these |
there |
here |
then |
now |
that day |
today |
the previous day / the day before |
yesterday |
the next day / the following day |
tomorrow |
the following week / year ... |
next week / year ... |
the previous week / year ... |
last week / year ... |
چند مثال:
-
'I like it here,' he said.
He said that he liked it there. -
He said, 'We'll visit the factory tomorrow.'
He said that he would visit the factory the next day.
نظرات شما عزیزان:
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