زمان آینده

زمان آینده ساده ( The simple future Tense )

این زمان دلالت بر انجام کاری میکند که در آینده انجام خواهد شد و بیشتر قول و تصمیم را نشان می دهد.

چگونگی ساخت این زمان در زبان انگلیسی :این زمان را با اضافه کردن افعال کمکی( shall – will )   به جملات زمان حال ساده به دست می آید . مثل :

I (shall) will go.              You will go.              ( she – he – it ) will go

غات و اصطلاحات کاربردی

نظرات و عقاید 

افعال کمکی (معین)

افعال کمکی یا معین  (auxiliary verbs) معمولاً قبل از یک فعل دیگر (فعل اصلی) در جمله قرار می‌گیرند و کارشان کمک به فعل اصلی جمله در تشکیل عبارات فعلی می‌باشد.

افعال کمکی را می‌توان به دو دسته تقسیم نمود:
 

ویژگیهای افعال کمکی

الف) افعال کمکی اصلی

حالت سوم شخص مفرد (-s form)، گذشته ساده و اسم مفعول (قسمت سوم فعل) آنها نامنظم (بی قاعده) است:
 

ب) افعال کمکی وجهی

1- در حالت سوم شخص مفرد (بر خلاف افعال معمولی) -s نمی‌گیرند:

• She can play the piano quite well. (not: She cans ...)

• He must work harder. (not: He musts ...)

2- در جملات پرسشی و منفی، از فعل کمکی دیگری استفاده نمی‌کنند:

• What would you buy if you won the lottery?
  (not: What did you would buy ...)

3- هیچگاه to بعد از آنها قرار نمی‌گیرد (به استثنای ought to و used to):

• You should phone the police immediately. (not: you should to phone ...)

4- هیچگاه -ed یا -ing نمی‌گیرند:

 musting, musted

5- هیچگاه با همدیگر به کار برده نمی‌شوند:

• I might could wash the car.

قابلیت های مختلف افعال کمکی

1- برای منفی کردن یک جمله کافی است پس از فعل کمکی، not اضافه کنید و یا از حالت مخفف آن استفاده کنید:

 She will come → She will not (won't) come.

2- برای پرسشی کردن یک جمله، فعل کمکی را قبل از فاعل جمله قرار دهید:

 She will come → Will she come?

3- گاهی می‌توان فعل اصلی پس از فعل کمکی را حذف کرد به شرط آنکه معنی آن (با توجه به شرایط) واضح باشد:

• 'Will she come tonight?' 'No, she can't.' (='she can't come.')

• 'I've never been to China. Have you?'
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

• جملات شرطي نوع اول

  از جملات شرطي نوع اول براي بيان يک شرط (يا موقعيت) ممکن و يک نتيجه محتمل در آينده استفاده مي‌شود.

  if	حال ساده	will/won't	مصدر بدون to
  if	I work hard,	I will	pass my exams.

  • If I find your watch, I will tell you. (.اگر ساعت شما را پيدا کنم به شما خواهم گفت)

  • If we leave now, we'll catch the 10.30 train.
    (اگر حالا حرکت کنيم به قطار ساعت 10:30 مي‌رسيم)

  • If I see him, I'll tell him the news. (.اگر او را ببينم خبرها را به او خواهم گفت)

  • You'll get wet if you don't take an umbrella. (.اگر چتر نبري خيس خواهي شد)

   

  علاوه بر will مي‌توان از should ،must ،can ،might ،may و غيره نيز استفاده کرد که در اين صورت معني آن کمي فرق خواهد کرد: If you pull the cat's tail, it may scratch you. (اگر دم گربه را بکشي ممکن است تو را چنگ بزند ) You should eat less rice if you want to lose weight. (اگر مي‌خواهي وزن کم کني بايد کمتر برنج بخوري)

   

  جملات شرطي نوع دوم

  از جملات شرطي نوع دوم براي بيان يک شرط يا موقعيت غير واقعي يا غير ممکن و نتيجه محتمل آن در زمان حال يا آينده بکار مي‌رود. در واقع در اين نوع جملات حال يا آينده‌اي متفاوت را تصور مي‌کنيم.

  if	گذشته ساده	would ('d) would not (wouldn't)	مصدر بدون to
  if	I had more money, I	would ('d)	buy a new car.
  if	you lived in England, you	would ('d)	soon learn English.

  چند مثال ديگر:

  • If he needed any money, I'd lend it to him. (But he doesn't need it)
    (اگر به پول احتياج داشت به او قرض مي‌دادم)

  • If I had more time, I'd help you. (اگر وقت بيشتري داشتم به شما کمک مي‌کردم)

  • If I were^* a rich man, I'd buy an expensive car.
    (اگر ثروتمند بودم يک ماشين گرانقيمت مي‌خريدم)

  • I wouldn't accept the job (even) if they offered it to me.
    (اگر آن کار را به من پيشنهاد مي‌کردند هم قبول نمي‌کردم)

   

  * در اين نوع جملات، اغلب بجاي was از were استفاده مي‌شود: If I were living in Tehran, we could meet more often.

   

  جملات شرطي نوع سوم

  از اين نوع جملات شرطي براي تصور گذشته‌اي غير ممکن استفاده مي‌شود. در واقع در اين نوع جملات، گوينده آرزوي يک گذشته متفاوت را دارد. (ولي به هر حال گذشته‌ها گذشته!)

  if + گذشته کامل + would have + قسمت سوم فعل (p.p.) + ....

  • If I'd seen you, I would have said hello.
    (اگر تو را ديده بودم، سلام مي‌دادم)

  • If he had driven more carefully, he wouldn't have been injured.
    (اگر با دقت بيشتري رانندگي کرده بود، مجروح نمي‌شد)

  • If I had known you were in hospital, I would have gone to visit you.
    (اگر مي‌دانستم شما در بيمارستان بستري بوديد مي‌آمدم و شما را ملاقات مي‌کردم)

  • I would have gone to see him if I had known that he was ill.
    (اگر مي‌دانستم بيمار بود مي‌رفتم و به او سر مي‌زدم)

  • منبع زبان آموزان

Collocations

Tell me who you go with and I'll tell you who you are.

What is a collocation?

A collocation is two or more words that often go together. These combinations just sound "right" to native English speakers, who use them all the time. On the other hand, other combinations may be unnatural and just sound "wrong". Look at these examples:

Why learn collocations?

• Your language will be more natural and more easily understood.
• You will have alternative and richer ways of expressing yourself.
• It is easier for our brains to remember and use language in chunks or blocks rather than as single words.

How to learn collocations

• Be aware of collocations, and try to recognize them when you see or hear them.
• Treat collocations as single blocks of language. Think of them as individual blocks or chunks, and learn strongly support, not strongly + support.
• When you learn a new word, write down other words that collocate with it (remember rightly, remember distinctly, remember vaguely, remember vividly).
• Read as much as possible. Reading is an excellent way to learn vocabulary and collocations in context and naturally.
• Revise what you learn regularly. Practise using new collocations in context as soon as possible after learning them.
• Learn collocations in groups that work for you. You could learn them by topic (time, number, weather, money, family) or by a particular word (take action, take a chance, take an exam).
• You can find information on collocations in any good learner's dictionary. And you can also find specialized dictionaries of collocations.

Types of Collocation

There are several different types of collocation made from combinations of verb, noun, adjective etc. Some of the most common types are:

• Adverb + Adjective: completely satisfied (NOT downright satisfied)
• Adjective + Noun: excruciating pain (NOT excruciating joy)
• Noun + Noun: a surge of anger (NOT a rush of anger)
• Noun + Verb: lions roar (NOT lions shout)
• Verb + Noun: commit suicide (NOT undertake suicide)
• Verb + Expression With Preposition: burst into tears (NOT blow up in tears)
• Verb + Adverb: wave frantically (NOT wave feverishly

English Punctuation: Apostrophe

The POSSESSIVE APOSTROPHE

In most cases you simply need to add 's to a noun to show possession:

Plural nouns that do not end in s also follow this rule:

Ordinary (or common) nouns that end in s, both singular and plural, show possession simply by adding an ' after the s but proper nouns (names of people, cities, countries etc.) can form the possessive either by adding the 's or simply adding the ':

General notes: Many people want to know how to form the possessive of their own name when it ends in an 's' or when refering to the whole family, e.g. The Jones' children.

Today it is no longer considered incorrect to use either form (Jones's or Jones') and many largeorganisations now drop the ' completely (e.g. Barclays Bank,Missing Persons Bureau) when publishing their name.

The APOSTROPHE for CONTRACTION

The most common use of contracted apostrophes is for:

 The Exclamation Mark

The exclamation mark is used to express exasperation,astonishment or surprise or to emphasise a comment or short, sharp phrase.

Examples

You can also use it to mark a phrase as humourous, ironic or sarcastic.

Some general remarks:

 The Comma

There are some general rules which you can apply when using the comma.

However, you will find that in English there are many other ways to use the comma to add to the meaning of a sentence or to emphasise an item, point or meaning.

Although we are often taught that commas are used to help us add 'breathing spaces' to sentences they are, in fact, more accurately used to organise blocks of thought or logical groupings. Most people will now use commas to ensure that meaning is clear and, despite grammatical rules, will drop the comma if their meaning is retained in the sentence.

A. Using the comma to separate phrases, words, or clauses in lists

1. a series of phrases

2. a series of nouns

3. a series of adjectives

4. a series of verbs

5. a series of clauses

B. Using the comma to enclose insertions or comments. The comma is placed on either side of the insertion.

C. Use the comma to mark off a participial phrase

D. Use the comma in 'tag questions'

E. Use to mark off interjections like 'please', 'thank you', 'yes', and 'no'

General notes:

1. Misplacing a comma can lose friends!

Putting a comma in the wrong place can lead to a sentence with a completely different meaning, look at these two examples:

The period (known as a full stop in British English) is probably the simplest of the punctuation marks to use.

You use it like a knife to cut the sentences to the required length. Generally, you can break up the sentences using the full stop at the end of a logical and complete thought that looks and sounds right to you. Use the full stop

1. to mark the end of a sentence which is not a question or an exclamation.

2. to indicate an abbreviation

Note: Dr and Mr and Mrs and Ms do not take a full stop nor do most abbreviations taken from the first capital letters such as MA Phd CNN

3. special case - three dots

Often you will see a sentence concluding with three dots. This indicates that only part of the sentence or text has been quoted or that it is being left up to the reader to complete the rest of the sentence.

3. fullstop after a single word

Sometimes a single word can form the sentence. In this case you place a fullstop after the word as you would in any other sentence.

English Punctuation

Punctuation is used to create sense, clarity and stress in sentences.

You use punctuation marks to structure and organise your writing. The most common of these are the period (or full stop in British English), the comma, the exclamation mark, the question mark, the colon and semi-colon, the quote, the apostrophe, the hyphen and dash, and parentheses and brackets. Capital letters are also used to help us organise meaning and to structure the sense of our writing.

You can quickly see why punctuation is important if you try and read this sentence which has no punctuation at all:

perhaps you dont always need to use commas periods colons etc to make sentences clear when i am in a hurry tired cold lazy or angry i sometimes leave out punctuation marks grammar is stupid i can write without it and dont need it my uncle Harry once said he was not very clever and i never understood a word he wrote to me i think ill learn some punctuation not too much enough to write to Uncle Harry he needs some help

Now let's see if punctuating it makes a difference!

Perhaps you don't always need to use commas, periods, colons etc. to make sentences clear. When I am in a hurry, tired, cold, lazy, or angry I sometimes leave out punctuation marks.

"Grammar is stupid! I can write without it and don't need it." my uncle Harry once said. He was not very clever and I never understood a word he wrote to me. I think I'll learn some punctuation - not too much, enough to write to Uncle Harry. He needs some help!

Use the punctuation section to learn how to make your English clearer and better organised.